US NHANES Data 2013–2016: increased risk of severe obesity in individuals with history of juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Dear Editor,

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most prevalent rheumatic disease of childhood. Children with JIA have an increased risk of obesity [1, 2], but it is currently unknown whether there are specific differences in risk for development of overweight/Class I obesity or severe obesity (Classes II and III) and whether there are differences in behaviors associated with weight management in adults with a history of JIA.

We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), a program of the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) under the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. NHANES data for the current study included demographic and weight data and Questionnaire data on Medical Conditions from 2013 to 2014 and 2015–2016 [3, 4].

Our sample included 121 respondents with reported history of JIA, diagnosed when the respondent was ≤16 years old. The comparison group was a random sample of respondents without JIA drawn in a 4:1 ratio to the JIA group (N = 508). We performed comparison of medians using Mann Whitney Wilcoxon and proportions using Chi-square distribution. Simple and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to determine the odds ratio (OR) of obesity class.

Those with JIA had an almost three-fold increased odds of Class II (OR: 3, p = 0.005) and Class III obesity (OR: 2.7, p = 0.002). When controlling for age, gender, and race, respondents with JIA still had an increased odds of Class III obesity (OR: 3.4, p = 0.004). Approximately 50% of JIA patients reported trying to lose weight in the past year as compared to 34.5% of those with No Arthritis (p = .02; Table 1).

Table 1 Respondent demographic information, BMI, and dietary behavior, NHANES data 2013–2014 and 2015–2016

History of JIA carries a three-fold increased risk of severe obesity in adulthood, despite increased behavioral efforts to lose weight. Prospective research starting in childhood is needed to identify mechanisms of this relationship and avenues for prevention efforts to avert the development of severe obesity in adulthood. Given adults with obesity are at risk for poor health outcomes including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, pain, depression and anxiety, and early death [5], this area of research is in critical need of immediate attention. Without prevention efforts aimed at this vulnerable population starting in childhood, the risk of increased morbidity and mortality associated with adult obesity for those with childhood JIA is considerable.