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  1. Deficiency of adenosine deaminase 2 (DADA2) is a rare autoinflammatory disease caused by mutations in the ADA2 gene. Few Chinese cases have been reported. We describe and compare the clinical features, genotyp...

    Authors: Wei Wang, Tiannan Zhang, Wenjie Zheng, Linqing Zhong, Lin Wang, Ji Li, Qian Liu, Yanqing Dong and Hongmei Song
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:44
  2. Many children and young people with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) experience delay in diagnosis and access to right care. The reasons for delay are multi-factorial and influenced by patient and family, c...

    Authors: Tim Rapley, Carl May, Nicola Smith and Helen E. Foster
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:43
  3. The aim of this study was to: (i) describe the abnormalities seen on brain imaging in a group of children with en coup de sabre (EDCS) with/without Parry-Romberg syndrome (PRS); and (ii) identify clinical pred...

    Authors: Harry Knights, Elizabeth Minas, Faraan Khan, Lindsay Shaw, Muthana Al Obaidi, Kshitij Mankad and Despina Eleftheriou
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:42
  4. Oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (oligoJIA) is the most commonly diagnosed category of chronic arthritis in children. Nevertheless, there are no evidence- based guidelines for its treatment, in par...

    Authors: A. Raab, T. Kallinich, D. Huscher, I. Foeldvari, F. Weller-Heinemann, F. Dressler, J. B. Kuemmerle-Deschner, A. Klein and G. Horneff
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:41
  5. Pediatric patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) are at risk for a lower health-related quality of life compared to their healthy peers. Remote monitoring of health-related quality of life using ele...

    Authors: Martijn J. H. Doeleman, Sytze de Roock, Nathan Buijsse, Mark Klein, Gouke J. Bonsel, Vicki Seyfert-Margolis, Joost F. Swart and Nico M. Wulffraat
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:40
  6. It is currently unknown whether patients with childhood-onset Takayasu disease (c-TA) are prone to physical inactivity and poor aerobic capacity. In this study, we assessed physical activity levels and cardior...

    Authors: Camilla Astley, Saulo Gil, Gleice Clemente, Maria Teresa Terreri, Clovis Artur Silva, Lucia Maria Arruda Campos, Nadia Emi Aikawa, Ana Lúcia de Sá Pinto, Rosa Maria R. Pereira, Hamilton Roschel and Bruno Gualano
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:39
  7. Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) is a complex disease with dysregulation of the innate immune system driven by cytokines. A major role is ascribed to interleukin-1β (IL-1β), supporting the autoinf...

    Authors: Elke Lainka, Melanie Baehr, Bernadette Raszka, Johannes-Peter Haas, Boris Hügle, Nadine Fischer, Dirk Foell, Claas Hinze, Elisabeth Weissbarth-Riedel, Tilmann Kallinich, Gerd Horneff, Daniel Windschall, Eggert Lilienthal, Tim Niehues, Ulrich Neudorf, Rainer Berendes…
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:38
  8. Systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma) is an autoimmune connective tissue disease that affects the skin and subcutaneous tissue, in addition to the internal organs of the whole body. Onset in childhood is uncom...

    Authors: Riki Tanaka, Yumi Tani, Yoichiro Kaburaki, Manao Kinoshita, Yasushi Kawaguchi, Yuka Okazaki, Masataka Kuwana, Masayoshi Harigai, Satoru Nagata and Takako Miyamae
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:37
  9. Oligo-articular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (Oligo JIA) is the most common subtype of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Intra-articular corticosteroid (IAC) injection is a mainstay treatment of oligo JIA provid...

    Authors: Rana Harhay, Wajiha Jeelani, Barbine Tchamba Agbor Agbor, Teresa Hennon, Brian H. Wrotniak and Rabheh Abdul-Aziz
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:36
  10. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events. The present study determined the prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis in childhood-onset SLE using the carotid i...

    Authors: Priscila B. S. Medeiros, Roberta G. Salomão, Sara R. Teixeira, Diane M. Rassi, Luciana Rodrigues, Davi C. Aragon, Priscila G. Fassini, Fábio V. Ued, Rita C. Tostes, Jacqueline P. Monteiro, Virgínia P. L. Ferriani and Luciana M. de Carvalho
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:35
  11. Clinical phenotypes and outcomes in juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) have been defined by various myositis-specific autoantibodies (MSAs). One of the recently described MSAs associated with DM is targeted agains...

    Authors: Takayuki Kishi, Yumi Tani, Naoko Okiyama, Kiyoshi Mizuochi, Yuki Ichimura, Masayoshi Harigai, Satoru Nagata and Takako Miyamae
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:34
  12. To study fatigue in young adults with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) 18 years after disease onset, and to compare with controls.

    Authors: Ellen Dalen Arnstad, Mia Glerup, Veronika Rypdal, Suvi Peltoniemi, Anders Fasth, Susan Nielsen, Marek Zak, Kristiina Aalto, Lillemor Berntson, Ellen Nordal, Troels Herlin, Pål Richard Romundstad and Marite Rygg
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:33
  13. Despite timely administration of IVIG, some patients with Kawasaki disease (KD) develop rapidly progressive or giant coronary artery aneurysms (CAA).

    Authors: Olha Halyabar, Kevin G. Friedman, Robert P. Sundel, Annette L. Baker, Margaret H. Chang, Patrick W. Gould, Jane W. Newburger and Mary Beth F. Son
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:31
  14. Pediatric rheumatic disease (PRD) patients and their caregivers face a number of challenges, including the consequences of the PRD in patients and the impact on multiple dimensions of the caregivers’ daily liv...

    Authors: Brenda de Jesús Fortuna-Reyna, Ingris Peláez-Ballestas, Fernando García-Rodríguez, Enrique Faugier-Fuentes, Samara Mendieta-Zerón, Ana Victoria Villarreal-Treviño, Sara Georgina Rosiles-De la Garza, Greta Reyes-Cordero, Sol Jiménez-Hernández, Jessica Haydee Guadarrama-Orozco, Manuel Enrique de la O-Cavazos and Nadina Rubio-Pérez
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:30
  15. There is mounting evidence on the existence of a Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome-temporally associated to SARS-CoV-2 infection (PIMS-TS), sharing similarities with Kawasaki Disease (KD). The main o...

    Authors: Marco Cattalini, Sara Della Paolera, Fiammetta Zunica, Claudia Bracaglia, Manuela Giangreco, Lucio Verdoni, Antonella Meini, Rita Sottile, Roberta Caorsi, Gianvincenzo Zuccotti, Marianna Fabi, Davide Montin, Alessandra Meneghel, Alessandro Consolaro, Rosa Maria Dellepiane, Maria Cristina Maggio…
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:29
  16. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases in children, with an annual incidence of 2–20 cases per 100,000 and a prevalence of 16–150 per 100,000. It is associated with several...

    Authors: Debora Mariarita d’Angelo, Giulia Di Donato, Luciana Breda and Francesco Chiarelli
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:28
  17. Some patients with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SJIA) and severe, refractory disease achieved remission through intensive immunosuppressive treatment followed by autologous hematopoietic stem cell t...

    Authors: Guillaume Morelle, Martin Castelle, Graziella Pinto, Sylvain Breton, Matthieu Bendavid, Charlotte Boussard, Richard Mouy, Brigitte Bader-Meunier, Michaela Semeraro, Albert Faye, Marina Cavazzana, Bénédicte Neven, Stéphane Blanche, Pierre Quartier and Despina Moshous
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:27
  18. Prevention of illness due to infection by influenza viruses is important for children with rheumatic diseases. Biological disease modifying antirheumatic drugs have become increasingly important in the treatme...

    Authors: Lotte Jensen, Susan Nielsen, Anne Estmann Christensen, Freddy Karup Pedersen, Ramona Trebbien, Thea Kølsen Fischer, Susanne Rosthøj, Peter Toftedal, Anna-Helene Bohr, Peder Skov Wehner and Anja Poulsen
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:26
  19. Platelet activation is an integral part of pathogenesis of Kawasaki disease (KD). However, there is paucity of literature on flow-cytometry based assessment of platelet activation in KD. We aimed to analyse mo...

    Authors: Pandiarajan Vignesh, Amit Rawat, Jitendra Kumar Shandilya, Man Updesh Singh Sachdeva, Jasmina Ahluwalia and Surjit Singh
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:25
  20. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) resistance prediction is one pivotal topic of interests in Kawasaki disease (KD). This study aimed to prospectively investigated the value of C-reactive protein-to-albumin (CA...

    Authors: Xiaoliang Liu, Lin Wang, Kaiyu Zhou, Shuran Shao, Yimin Hua, Mei Wu, Lei Liu and Chuan Wang
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:24
  21. In adults with rheumatic diseases pulmonary complications are relevant contributors to morbidity and mortality. In these patients diffusion capacity for CO (DLCO) is an established method to detect early pulmo...

    Authors: Julia Hildebrandt, Anja Rahn, Anja Kessler, Fabian Speth, Dagmar-Christiane Fischer and Manfred Ballmann
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:23
  22. Juvenile primary fibromyalgia syndrome (JPFS) is a chronic, musculoskeletal pain syndrome affecting children and adolescents, most commonly adolescent girls. The syndrome has a multifactorial etiology, with al...

    Authors: Maya Levy Coles, Rotem Weissmann and Yosef Uziel
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:22

    The Review to this article has been published in Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:74

  23. Systemic lupus erythematosus is a multi-organ inflammatory autoimmune disease; immune complexes are part of the pathogenesis, but not entirely responsible. Trisomy X is the most common female chromosomal abnor...

    Authors: Susumu Yamazaki, Yuko Akutsu, Asami Shimbo, Masaki Shimizu, Yuko Segawa and Masaaki Mori
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:20
  24. Mental health disorders are common in youth with rheumatological disease yet optimal intervention strategies are understudied in this population. We examined patient and parent perspectives on mental health in...

    Authors: Oluwatunmise A. Fawole, Michelle V. Reed, Julia G. Harris, Aimee Hersh, Martha Rodriguez, Karen Onel, Erica Lawson, Tamar Rubinstein, Kaveh Ardalan, Esi Morgan, Anne Paul, Judy Barlin, R. Paola Daly, Mitali Dave, Shannon Malloy, Shari Hume…
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:19

    The Correction to this article has been published in Pediatric Rheumatology 2024 22:27

  25. Early-onset sarcoidosis (EOS) and Blau syndrome (BS) are systemic inflammatory granulomatous diseases without visible pulmonary involvement, and are distinguishable from their sporadic and familial forms. The ...

    Authors: Fumiko Okazaki, Hiroyuki Wakiguchi, Yuno Korenaga, Tamaki Nakamura, Hiroki Yasudo, Shohei Uchi, Ryoji Yanai, Nobuyuki Asano, Yoshinobu Hoshii, Tsuyoshi Tanabe, Kazushi Izawa, Yoshitaka Honda, Ryuta Nishikomori, Keisuke Uchida, Yoshinobu Eishi, Shouichi Ohga…
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:18
  26. Tibial stress injuries are frequent injuries of the lower extremity and the most common causes of exercise-induced leg pain among athletes and military recruits. They sometimes occur in patients with pathologi...

    Authors: Tomo Nozawa, Audrey Bell-Peter, Andrea S. Doria, Jo-Anne Marcuz, Jennifer Stimec, Kristi Whitney and Brian M. Feldman
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:17
  27. Disordered eating and chronic pain often co-occur in adolescents, but the relationship between these conditions is not well understood. We aimed to determine the prevalence of and to identify the clinical char...

    Authors: Lauren Pianucci, Maitry Sonagra, Brooke A. Greenberg, Diana R. Priestley and Sabrina Gmuca
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:16
  28. Patients with systemic lupus erythematous have a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease, which is not fully explained by traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors. Despite increasing life...

    Authors: Dori Abel, Stacy P. Ardoin and Mark Gorelik
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:15
  29. Prompt diagnosis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is important to avoid long term complications. Elevated serum 14–3-3η levels improve the diagnostic sensitivity of rheumatoid factor (RF) and cyclic citr...

    Authors: Iris Reyhan, Olga S. Zhukov, Robert J. Lagier, Robert F. Bridgforth, Gary J. Williams, Joanna M. Popov, Stanley J. Naides and Andreas Reiff
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:14
  30. Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a life-threatening hyperinflammatory syndrome and is caused by a severely dysregulated immune response. It has rarely been associated with neonatal lupus.

    Authors: Veerle Heijstek, Meelad Habib, Roel van der Palen, Remco van Doorn and Petra Hissink Muller
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:13
  31. Kawasaki disease (KD) is a systemic vasculitis, and the formation of coronary artery lesions(CAL) is its most common sequela. Both genetic and environmental factors are considered to be important factors of in...

    Authors: Jia Yuan, Zhiyong Jiang, Meiai Li, Wei Li, Xueping Gu, Zhouping Wang, Lei Pi, Yufen Xu, Huazhong Zhou, Baidu Zhang, Qiulian Deng, Yanfei Wang, Ping Huang, Li Zhang and Xiaoqiong Gu
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:12
  32. Paediatric rheumatic diseases are a leading cause of acquired disability in Southeast Asia and Asia-Pacific Countries (SE ASIA/ASIAPAC). The aims of this study were to identify and describe the challenges to t...

    Authors: Sirikarn Tangcheewinsirikul, Swee-Ping Tang, Nicola Smith, Maynart Sukharomana, Sirirat Charuvanij, Soamarat Vilaiyuk, Thaschawee Arkachaisri, Christiaan Scott and Helen E. Foster
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:11
  33. Overall outcomes of pediatric rheumatic diseases (RD) have improved due to treatment with biologic agents and methotrexate. For many children, this treatment often entails regular needle injections. Pain and f...

    Authors: Kari Sørensen, Helge Skirbekk, Gunnvald Kvarstein and Hilde Wøien
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:8
  34. Shrinking lung syndrome (SLS), a rare complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) characterized by dyspnea, low lung volumes, and a restrictive pattern on pulmonary function tests (PFTs), has only been ...

    Authors: Chelsea DeCoste, Dimas Mateos-Corral and Bianca Lang
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:7
  35. Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is a rare and sometimes fatal disease in children. The anti-NXP2 antibody is one of the most common antibodies and muscle ischaemia associated with NXP2 autoantibodies was a seve...

    Authors: Xinning Wang, Yuchuan Ding, Zhixuan Zhou, Jun Hou, Yingjie Xu and Jianguo Li
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:6
  36. Remission is the primary objective of treating juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). It is still debatable whether early intensive treatment is superior in terms of earlier achievement of remission. The aim of ...

    Authors: Ekaterina Alexeeva, Gerd Horneff, Tatyana Dvoryakovskaya, Rina Denisova, Irina Nikishina, Elena Zholobova, Viktor Malievskiy, Galina Santalova, Elena Stadler, Larisa Balykova, Yuriy Spivakovskiy, Ivan Kriulin, Alina Alshevskaya and Andrey Moskalev
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:5
  37. Observations among Israeli pediatric rheumatologists reveal that pediatric Juvenile Spondyloarthritis (JSpA) may present differently compared to patients from the United States (US). This study is aimed to com...

    Authors: Nassem Ghantous, Merav Heshin-Bekenstein, Kimberly Dequattro, Yaniv Lakovsky, Amir Moshe Hendel, Nadav Rappoport, Yonatan Butbul Aviel, Irit Tirosh, Liora Harel, Pamela F. Weiss, Lianne Gensler, John Mackenzie and Gil Amarilyo
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:4
  38. To characterize suicidality among youth with juvenile fibromyalgia syndrome (JFMS) receiving treatment from pediatric rheumatologists at a tertiary care center in order to determine the prevalence of suicidali...

    Authors: Sabrina Gmuca, Maitry Sonagra, Rui Xiao, Kimberly S. Miller, Nina H. Thomas, Jami F. Young, Pamela F. Weiss, David D. Sherry and Jeffrey S. Gerber
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:3
  39. To summarize the characteristics of gastrointestinal (GI) perforation in anti-nuclear matrix protein 2 (NXP2) antibody-associated juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM).

    Authors: Yingjie Xu, Xiaolin Ma, Zhixuan Zhou, Jianguo Li, Jun Hou, Jia Zhu, Min Kang, Jianming Lai and Xiaohui Li
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:2
  40. Type I interferonopathies are a group of rare autoimmune diseases characterised by excessive activation of type I interferon that leads to disturbances in immune function. Three prime repair exonuclease 1 (TRE...

    Authors: Shiyu Zhang, Jiaxing Song, Yuyan Yang, Huilei Miao, Lu Yang, Yuehua Liu, Xue Zhang, Yaping Liu and Tao Wang
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2021 19:1
  41. Children with JIA may experience difficulty with health related quality of life (HRQOL). The Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) a patient related outcome (PRO) measure, covers HR...

    Authors: Yufan Yan, Karen L. Rychlik, Marc B. Rosenman and Michael L. Miller
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2020 18:92
  42. Measuring the outcomes that matter to children and young people (CYP) with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), is a necessary precursor to patient-centred improvements in quality of clinical care. We present ...

    Authors: Laura E. Lunt, Stephanie Shoop-Worrall, Nicola Smith, Gavin Cleary, Janet McDonagh, Andrew D. Smith, Wendy Thomson and Flora McErlane
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2020 18:91
  43. To examine critical interactions between juvenile idiopathic arthritis synovial fibroblasts (JFLS) and chondrocytes (Ch), and their role in bony overgrowth seen in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (...

    Authors: Megan M. Simonds, Amanda R. Schlefman, Suzanne M. McCahan, Kathleen E. Sullivan, Carlos D. Rose and AnneMarie C. Brescia
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2020 18:89
  44. We sought to evaluate racial disparities in disease outcomes among children with polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) during a treat-to-target (TTT) intervention with clinical decision support (CDS).

    Authors: Joyce C. Chang, Rui Xiao, Jon M. Burnham and Pamela F. Weiss
    Citation: Pediatric Rheumatology 2020 18:88

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