Table 1 Measures used in the 61 included studies (N = 516 associations)
Domain | Construct | Measure | Acronym | Frequency |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Pain | Intensity | Pediatric Pain Questionnaire [100] | PPQ | 168 |
E-Ouch [99] | – | 44 | ||
FPS(-R) | 43 | |||
Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire [98] | CHAQ | 40 | ||
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System [94] | PROMIS | 9 | ||
RPI | 4 | |||
Graded Chronic Pain Scale | GCPS | 3 | ||
Pain Intensity Scale [96] | PIS | 3 | ||
Child Health Assessment Questionnaire [93] | HAQ | 2 | ||
SUPERKIDZ [65] | – | 2 | ||
Juvenile Arthritis Multidimensional Assessment Report [101] | JAMAR | 1 | ||
No reference | – | 109 | ||
Frequency | Structured Pain Questionnaire [102] | SPQ | 29 | |
FPS(-R) | 7 | |||
Pain Intensity Scale [96] | PIS | 3 | ||
Pediatric Pain Questionnaire [100] | PPQ | 4 | ||
No reference | – | 4 | ||
Sensitivity | Quantitative Sensory Testing [103] | QST | 24 | |
The Cold Pressor Task [104] | CPT | 16 | ||
No reference | – | 1 | ||
Primary Appraisals | Pain Unpleasantness | E-Ouch [99] | – | 3 |
RPI | 2 | |||
Pain Beliefs | Survey of Pain Attitudes [105] | SOPA | 28 | |
Secondary Appraisals—Internal | Self-Efficacy | Children’s Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale [44] | CASE | 9 |
Self-Esteem | Self-Perception Profile for Children and Adolescents [106, 107] | SPPC/A | 3 | |
Child Health Questionnaire [108] | CHQ | 2 | ||
Stress | Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System [94] | PROMIS | 2 | |
Perceived Stress Scale [109] | PSS-10 | 1 | ||
No reference | – | 1 | ||
Physical Appearance | Self-Perception Profile for Children and Adolescents [106, 107] | SPPC/A | 3 | |
Cognitive Function | Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System [94] | PROMIS | 2 | |
Parent Secondary Appraisals—Internal | Self-Efficacy | Parent Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale [43] | PASE | 16 |
Self-Esteem | Child Health Questionnaire [108] | CHQ | 1 | |
Secondary Appraisals -External | School Functioning | Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory – Core & Arthritis Modules [110, 111] | PedsQL | 8 |
Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire [98] | CHAQ | 3 | ||
Self-Perception Profile for Children and Adolescents [106, 107] | SPPC/A | 3 | ||
Child Health Assessment Questionnaire [93] | HAQ | 2 | ||
Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale [112] | RCMAS | 1 | ||
No reference | – | 3 | ||
Social Functioning | Social Skills Rating System [113] | SSRS | 15 | |
Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory – Core & Arthritis Modules [110, 111] | PedsQL | 10 | ||
Child Behavior Checklist [114] | CBCL | 3 | ||
Self-Perception Profile for Children and Adolescents [106, 107] | SPPC/A | 3 | ||
Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale [112] | RCMAS | 2 | ||
Social Support Questionnaire – Revised [115] | SSQR | 2 | ||
Parent Pain Responses | West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory [116] | WHYMPI | 9 | |
Family Relationships | Family Environment Scale [117] | FES | 35 | |
Child Health Questionnaire [108] | CHQ | 4 | ||
No citation | – | 2 | ||
Interventionsa | Pain Management Intervention [61] | – | 9 | |
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Intervention [90] | CBT | 1 | ||
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Group Intervention [63] | CBT | 10 | ||
Peer-Led Intervention [77] | iPeer2Peer | 1 | ||
Self-Management Intervention [78] | TTC | 3 | ||
Coping | Coping | Pain Coping Questionnaireb [82] | PCQ | 76 |
Pain Catastrophizing Scale for Children [118] | PCS-C | 9 | ||
CSQ-C | 1 | |||
No reference | – | 2 | ||
Outcomes | General Mental Health | Pediatric Symptom Checklist [121] | PSC | 8 |
Child Behavior Checklist [114] | CBCL | 5 | ||
Child Health Questionnaire [108] | CHQ | 2 | ||
Rutter Parental Screening Questionnaire [148] | – | 1 | ||
Externalizing Symptoms | Child Behavior Checklist [114] | CBCL | 5 | |
Child Health Questionnaire [108] | CHQ | 4 | ||
Self-Perception Profile for Children and Adolescents [106, 107] | SPPC/A | 3 | ||
Internalizing Symptoms | Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory – Core & Arthritis Modules [110, 111] | PedsQL | 8 | |
Child Behavior Checklist [114] | CBCL | 3 | ||
Child Vulnerability Scale [122] | CVS | 1 | ||
Patient Health Questionnaire [123] | PHQ-4 | 1 | ||
No reference | – | 4 | ||
Anxiety Symptoms | State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children [124] | STAI-C | 12 | |
Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale [112] | RCMAS | 4 | ||
Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory – Core & Arthritis Modules [110, 111] | PedsQL | 2 | ||
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System [94] | PROMIS | 2 | ||
Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children [125] | TSC-C | 2 | ||
Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders [126] | SCARED | 1 | ||
Mood/Depression Symptoms | Children’s Depression Inventory [127] | CDI | 12 | |
Mood and Feelings Questionnaire [128] | MFQ | 12 | ||
Positive and Negative Affect Scale for Children [129] | PANAS-C | 8 | ||
Child Behavior Checklist [114] | CBCL | 6 | ||
Facial Affective Scale [130] | FAS | 4 | ||
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System [94] | PROMIS | 3 | ||
Children’s Emotion Management Scale [131] | – | 2 | ||
Differential Emotions Scale – IV [132] | DES-IV | 2 | ||
Emotion Regulation Scale [133] | – | 2 | ||
Hopelessness Scale for Children [134] | – | 2 | ||
Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale [135] | RCADS | 2 | ||
Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children [125] | TSC-C | 2 | ||
Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children [136] | CES-DC | 1 | ||
Pain Interference/ Limitations | RPI | 6 | ||
Child Health Questionnaire [108] | CHQ | 4 | ||
E-Ouch [99] | – | 3 | ||
Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) | Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory – Core & Arthritis Modules [110, 111] | PedsQL | 22 | |
Juvenile Arthritis Quality of Life Questionnaire [146] | JAQQ | 7 | ||
Child Health Questionnaire [108] | CHQ | 5 | ||
Quality of My Life Scale [143] | QoML | 3 | ||
Clinically Derived Global Score for Psychosocial Functioning [147] | CGAS | 1 | ||
Well-being | Global Assessment of Well-being Visual Analogue Scale | – | 20 | |
Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire [98] | CHAQ | 7 | ||
World Health Organization Well-Being Index [145] | WHO-5 | 1 | ||
Parent Outcomes | General Mental Health | Lanyon Psychological Screening Inventory [137] | – | 2 |
Self-Reporting Questionnaire [138] | SRQ-20 | 1 | ||
Anxiety Symptoms | Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [139] | HADS | 3 | |
Mood/ Depression Symptoms | Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [139] | HADS | 3 | |
Beck Depression Inventory [140] | BDI | 3 | ||
Pain Interference/ Limitations | Revised Hassles and Uplifts Scale [141] | – | 5 | |
Child Health Questionnaire [108] | CHQ | 4 | ||
Caregiver Burden Scale [142] | CBS | 1 |