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Table 2 Clinical and immunological characteristics of the cSLE cohort and the controls at first visit, first year and latest periods

From: Evaluating the performance of ACR, SLICC and EULAR/ACR classification criteria in childhood onset systemic lupus erythematosus

Characteristic,

n (%)

First visit

First year visit

Latest visit

Controls (n = 51)

Cases (n = 113)

p-value

Controls (n = 51)

Cases (n = 113)

p-value

Controls (n = 51)

Cases (n = 113)

p-value

Fever

6 (12%)

59 (52%)

< 0.001

6 (12%)

60 (53%)

< 0.001

6 (12%)

60 (53%)

< 0.001

Malar rash

0

28 (25%)

< 0.001

0

33 (29%)

< 0.001

0

34 (30%)

< 0.001

Discoid rash

0

5 (4.4%)

0.326

0

7 (6.2%)

0.100

0

7 (6.2%)

0.100

Photosensitivity

0

12 (11%)

< 0.001

0

12 (11%)

0.019

0

12 (11%)

0.019

Oral ulcer

0

17 (15%)

< 0.001

0

18 (16%)

0.001

0

20 (18%)

< 0.001

Alopecia

1 (2.0%)

19 (17%)

0.008

1 (2.0%)

19 (17%)

0.008

1 (2.0%)

20 (18%)

0.004

Arthritis

48 (94%)

70 (62%)

< 0.001

48 (94%)

72 (64%)

< 0.001

48 (94%)

74 (65%)

< 0.001

Renal disorders

 Proteinuria, > 0.5 g/day

0

44 (39%)

< 0.001

0

51 (45%)

< 0.001

0

56 (50%)

< 0.001

 Cellular cast

1 (2.0%)

11 (9.7%)

0.107

1 (2.0%)

12 (11%)

0.066

1 (2.0%)

15 (13%)

0.023

 Lupus nephritis, II-V

0

33 (29%)

< 0.001

0

39 (35%)

< 0.001

0

46 (41%)

< 0.001

 Neurological disorders

0

9 (8.0%)

0.058

0

11 (9.7%)

0.018

0

15 (13%)

0.006

 Serositis

0

12 (11%)

0.019

0

17 (15%)

0.002

0

21 (19%)

< 0.001

Hematological disorders

 Hemolytic anemia

0

30 (27%)

< 0.001

0

30 (27%)

< 0.001

0

33 (29%)

< 0.001

 Leukopenia

0

45 (40%)

< 0.001

2 (3.9%)

50 (44%)

< 0.001

2 (3.9%)

52 (46%)

< 0.001

 Thrombocytopenia

0

18 (16%)

0.001

0

18 (16%)

0.001

0

18 (16%)

0.001

Immunological disorders

 Antinuclear antibody

51 (100%)

100 (89%)

0.010

51 (100%)

104 (92%)

0.058

51 (100%)

105 (93%)

0.059

 Anti-dsDNA

3 (5.9%)

72 (64%)

< 0.001

4 (7.8%)

78 (69%)

< 0.001

4 (7.8%)

81 (72%)

< 0.001

 Anti-smith

1 (2.0%)

13 (12%)

0.066

1 (2.0%)

15 (13%)

0.023

1 (2.0%)

16 (14%)

0.024

 Antiphospholipid

1 (2.0%)

23 (20%)

0.001

1 (2.0%)

26 (23%)

< 0.001

1 (2.0%)

30 (27%)

< 0.001

Direct Coombs test

1 (2.0%)

47 (41%)

< 0.001

1 (2.0%)

48 (42%)

< 0.001

1 (2.0%)

50 (44%)

< 0.001

Low C3 or low C4a

2 (3.9%)

31 (27%)

< 0.001

3 (5.9%)

28 (25%)

0.004

3 (5.9%)

28 (25%)

0.004

Low C3 and low C4a

0

66 (44%)

< 0.001

0

74 (65%)

< 0.001

0

74 (65%)

< 0.001

Meet ACR 1997

2 (3.9%)

56 (50%)

< 0.001

2 (3.9%)

64 (57%)

< 0.001

2 (3.9%)

74 (65%)

< 0.001

Meet SLICC 2012

3 (5.9%)

86 (76%)

< 0.001

3 (5.9%)

95 (84%)

< 0.001

3 (5.9%)

97 (86%)

< 0.001

Meet ACR/EULAR 2017

4 (7.8%)

92 (81%)

< 0.001

5 (9.8%)

99 (88%)

< 0.001

5 (9.8%)

101 (89%)

< 0.001

  1. Neurological disorders include seizures, psychosis, delirium, neuropathy, or myelitis; VDRL, venereal disease research laboratory; ACR, American College of Rheumatology 1997; SLICC, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus International Collaborating Clinics; EULAR, European League Against Rheumatism
  2. Luekopenia (< 4 × 109/L), thrombocytopenia (< 100 × 109/L), antiphospholipid (ACL (anticardiolipin antibody), B2GP-1 (anti–β2-glycoprotein 1), lupus anticoagulant)
  3. The median disease duration was 5 (2.5–9) years with a range of 1–19 years
  4. aThese groups are mutually exclusive
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Pediatric Rheumatology

ISSN: 1546-0096