Table 3 Secondary outcomes for participants by treatment condition
Variable | Experimental group | Control group | Test statistics |Z| | p | Effect size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | (Cohen’s d) | |||
(n = 18) | (n = 14) | ||||
Pain Intensity (average; range = 0–10, higher scores = higher pain intensity) | 0.48 | 0.63 | 0.06 | ||
 Pre-treatment | 2.39 (2.06) | 2.43 (2.65) |  |  |  |
 Post-treatment | 2.06 (1.83) | 2.21 (1.97) |  |  |  |
Self-Efficacy (CASES; range = 11–55, higher scores = greater efficacy) | 0.07 | 0.95 | 0.29 | ||
 Pre-treatment | 37.28 (12.22) | 39.57 (11.10) |  |  |  |
 Post-treatment | 40.28 (12.52) | 40.07 (12.83) |  |  |  |
PedsQL pain (range = 0–100, higher scores = lower problems) | 0.63 | 0.53 | 0.04 | ||
 Pre-treatment | 65.63 (21.68) | 61.16 (26.19) |  |  |  |
 Post-treatment | 67.36 (22.84) | 62.05 (28.95) |  |  |  |
PedsQL activities (range = 0–100, higher scores = lower problems) | 0.64 | 0.76 | 0.07 | ||
 Pre-treatment | 87.50 (20.81) | 87.14 (22.08) |  |  |  |
 Post-treatment | 88.06 (18.88) | 86.79 (22.33) |  |  |  |
PedsQL tx (range = 0–100, higher scores = lower problems) | 0.98 | 0.33 | 0.33 | ||
 Pre-treatment | 72.22 (21.69) | 73.98 (14.25) |  |  |  |
 Post-treatment | 70.44 (17.62) | 76.28 (15.51) |  |  |  |
PedsQL worry (range = 0–100, higher scores = lower problems) | 0.34 | 0.73 | 0.19 | ||
 Pre-treatment | 62.50 (29.32) | 55.95 (23.89) |  |  |  |
 Post-treatment | 62.96 (29.60) | 60.71 (30.74) |  |  |  |
PedsQL comm (range = 0–100, higher scores = lower problems) | 0.33 | 0.74 | 0.23 | ||
 Pre-treatment | 63.89 (26.51) | 62.50 (19.27) |  |  |  |
 Post-treatment | 63.89 (30.65) | 67.26 (24.78) |  |  |  |
MEPS_total (range = 0–230, higher scores = higher perceived ability) | 2.10 | 0.036 | 0.72 | ||
 Pre-treatment | 130.56 (36.98) | 137.64 (26.58) |  |  |  |
 Post-treatment | 140.50 (30.31) | 128.57 (30.93) |  |  |  |
MEPS_knowledge (range = 0–90, higher scores = higher perceived ability) | 1.47 | 0.14 | 0.28 | ||
 Pre-treatment | 45.56 (19.17) | 45.57 (15.55) |  |  |  |
 Post-treatment | 47.78 (15.39) | 44.00 (12.34) |  |  |  |
MEPS_exercise (range = 0–40, higher scores = higher perceived ability) | 0.56 | 0.53 | 0.51 | ||
 Pre-treatment | 26.50 (9.34) | 31.57 (8.81) |  |  |  |
 Post-treatment | 27.56 (8.23) | 28.79 (10.70) |  |  |  |
MEPS_pain (range = 0–60, higher scores = higher perceived ability) | 2.11 | 0.035 | 0.74 | ||
 Pre-treatment | 37.72 (11.87) | 40.29 (11.45) |  |  |  |
 Post-treatment | 41.22 (12.24) | 35.50 (12.83) |  |  |  |
MEPS_social (range = 0–40, higher scores = higher perceived ability) | 1.28 | 0.20 | 0.38 | ||
 Pre-treatment | 20.78 (6.37) | 20.21 (4.81) |  |  |  |
 Post-treatment | 23.94 (6.49) | 20.29 (6.91) |  |  |  |