Gut microbiota-host interactions and juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Arvonen, Miika; Berntson, Lillemor; Pokka, Tytti; Karttunen, Tuomo J; Vähäsalo, Paula; Stoll, Matthew L

doi:10.1186/s12969-016-0104-6

Pediatric Rheumatology

Table 1 Summary of human studies evaluating long-term changes to the microbiota following exposure to antibiotics

From: Gut microbiota-host interactions and juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Study	Antibiotic	Patient population	Comparison Group	Habitat	Method of assessment	Duration of follow-up	Results
De la Cochetiere (2005) [72]	Amoxicillin x 5 days	6 adults	None	Feces	TTGE of 16S rDNA amplicons	Two months	After two months, profiles were >90 % similar to baseline in 5/6 subjects.
Dethlefsen 2011 [28]	Two courses of ciprofloxacin x 5 days	3 adults	None	Feces	Sequencing of 16S rDNA	10 months	Altered community composition in 3/3, although there was more variability between subjects vs before and after abx.
Dethlefsen 2008 [73]	One course of ciprofloxacin x 5 days	3 adults	None	Feces	Sequencing of 16S rDNA	30 days	Samples returned to baseline at the community level after 30 days, although individual taxa failed to recover.
Fouhy 2012^a [74]	One course of ampicillin and gentamycin	9 full-term neonates under age 2 days	9 full-term neonates	Feces	Sequencing of 16S rDNA	8 weeks	Decreased evenness and richness; alterations in multiple genera. Of note, 9/9 controls but only 4/9 patients were delivered vaginally
Jakobsson 2010 [75]	One course of metronidazole and clarithromycin x 7 days	3 adults	3 adults	Throat and feces	Sequencing of 16S rDNA and T-RFLP	4 years	General recovery of loss of diversity in both habitats. However, long-lasting effects at the taxonomic level were seen, particularly in the throat.
Jernberg 2007 [27]	One course of clindamycin x 7 days	4 adults	4 adults	Feces	T-RFLP and rep-PCR on Bacteroides	2 years	Decreased number of bacteroides clonal types in exposed subjects
Lode 2001^b [76]	Linezolid x 7 days	12 adults	None	Feces	Culture and identification	35 days	No lasting effect
Lode 2001^b [76]	Amoxicillin / clav x 7 days	12 adults	None	Feces	Culture and identification	35 days	No lasting effect
Mangin 2012 [77]	Amoxicillin / clav x 5 days	18 adult men	None	Feces	qPCR for Bifidobacterium and PCR-TTGE	64 days	No difference in total bifidobacteria; however, similarity to baseline dropped to 50 % rapidly and never reached 60 %.
Savino 2011 [78]	Ceftriaxone x 5 days	26 full-term breast-fed infants	None	Feces	Culture	20 days	No changes noted in counts of enterobacteriaceae, enterococci, lactobacilli, or total bacteria
Vervoort 2015^c [79]	Nitrofurantoin x 3 – 15 days	Five or eight subjects	Four or five subjects	Feces	Sequencing of 16S rDNA	28 days	Only transient differences in the frequency of the phyla.

^aThe duration of treatment was not specified. ^bThis Lode study was a crossover design with a 35 days washout, in which half received amoxicillin / clavulonic acid first and the other half received linezolid first. ^cThe methods said five pts and four controls, but the table said 8 and 5, respectively. No information on the age or sex of the subjects. Abbreviations: qPCR quantitative PCR, rDNA ribosomal DNA, rep-PCR repetitive sequence-based PCR, RFLP restriction fragment length polymorphisms, T-RFLP terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism, TTGE temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis

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ISSN: 1546-0096

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