Pediatric antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical features and therapeutic interventions in a single center retrospective case series

Table 1 Demographics and clinical manifestations of pediatric APS patients

	All APS (n = 21)		Primary APS (n = 10)		Secondary APS (n = 11)		p value^a
Median Age at Diagnosis	16	(8–18)	16	(12–18)	16	(8–18)	0.42
Sex
Female	16	(76%)	8	(80%)	8	(73%)	0.70
Male	5	(24%)	2	(20%)	3	(27%)	0.70
Race/Ethnicity
White or Caucasian	17	(81%)	7	(70%)	10	(91%)	0.23
Black or African-American	3	(14%)	2	(20%)	1	(9%)	0.49
Hispanic	1	(5%)	1	(10%)	0	(0%)	0.29
Clinical Manifestations
Obstetric	1	(5%)	0	(0%)	1	(9%)	0.34
Thrombotic	20	(95%)	10	(100%)	10	(91%)	0.34
Venous	13	(62%)	8	(80%)	5	(45%)	0.11
Arterial	6	(29%)	1	(10%)	5	(45%)	0.079
Small vessel	5	(24%)	3	(30%)	2	(18%)	0.54
Catastrophic APS	0	(0%)	0	(0%)	0	(0%)
Non-criteria Manifestations
Thrombocytopenia	11	(52%)	6	(60%)	6	(55%)	0.52
AIHA	9	(43%)	4	(40%)	6	(55%)	0.80
Livedo	5	(24%)	3	(30%)	2	(18%)	0.54
White matter lesions	3	(14%)	1	(10%)	2	(18%)	0.60
Seizure	3	(14%)	1	(10%)	2	(18%)	0.60
APS nephropathy	2	(10%)	1	(10%)	1	(9%)	0.95
Skin ulcer	1	(5%)	0	(0%)	1	(9%)	0.34
Valve abnormality	1	(5%)	1	(10%)	0	(0%)	0.29
Cognitive changes	1	(5%)	0	(0%)	1	(9%)	0.34
MS-like features	1	(5%)	0	(0%)	1	(9%)	0.34
Laboratory Manifestations
Anti-β2-glycoprotein I	14	(64%)	8	(80%)	7	(64%)	0.42
Anti-cardiolipin	17	(81%)	9	(90%)	7	(64%)	0.16
Lupus anticoagulant	11	(52%)	6	(60%)	6	(55%)	0.80
Triple positive	10	(48%)	6	(60%)	4	(36%)	0.29
ANA	9	(43%)	0	(0%)	9	(82%)	0.00020
Anti-double-stranded DNA	10	(48%)	1	(10%)	9	(82%)	0.0013
Anti-chromatin	8	(38%)	1	(10%)	7	(64%)	0.014
Anti-Sm	3	(14%)	0	(0%)	3	(27%)	0.082
Recurrent Events	9	(43%)	4	(40%)	5	(45%)	0.81

ISSN: 1546-0096