Skip to main content

Table 1 Demographics and Clinical Characteristics among Children with Chronic Pain stratified by Adverse Childhood Experiences Exposure (N = 412)

From: Exploring the intersection of adverse childhood experiences, pediatric chronic pain, and rheumatic disease

 

All Patients (N = 412)

No ACEs

(n = 101)

1 ACE

(n = 194)

≥2 ACEs

(n = 117)

P-value

Demographics, N (%)

Sex, female

342 (83%)

82 (81%)

161 (83%)

99 (85%)

0.80

Race°

 

Caucasian

307 (75%)

68 (67%)

151 (78%)

88 (75%)

0.14

Black

30 (7%)

5 (5%)

11 (6%)

14 (12%)

0.07

Other

73 (18%)

28 (28%)

31 (16%)

14 (12%)

< 0.01

Ethnicity^, non-Hispanic

372 (90%)

95 (94%)

170 (88%)

107 (92%)

0.41

Age, median (IQR)

14 (12–16)

14 (11–15)

14 (12–16)

15 (13–16)

0.05

Median Household Income, median (IQR)

83,970 (62130–108,571)

86,167 (66378–112,885)

89,712 (65934–118,365)

73,702 (53964–95,656)

< 0.0001

Pain and, Patient and Parent Reported Outcomes, N (%)

Verbal pain score (0–10), median (IQR)

5 (3–7)

5 (3–8

5 (3–7)

5 (3–7)

0.82

Patient FDI (0–60), median (IQR)

23 (14–33)

23 (14–32)

21 (13–32)

27 (17–34)

0.05

Parent FDI (0–60), median (IQR)

24 (13–32)

24 (12–31)

22 (13–31)

26 (18–34)

0.03

WPI (0–19)

5 (2–10)

6 (1–10)

5 (2–9)

6 (2–10)

0.27

SSS (0–12)

6 (4–8)

5 (3–8)

6 (3–8)

7 (4–9)

< 0.01

Duration of symptoms (months), median (IQR)

13 (7–36)

12 (7–24)

18 (7–39)

24 (8–48)

0.05

Autonomic Changeso

107 (26%)

20 (20%)

62 (32%)

25 (22%)

0.03

History of Trigger Event

115 (28%)

28 (28%)

59 (30%)

28 (24%)

0.47

Attend Traditional School

180 (44%)

51 (51%)

86 (44%)

43 (37%)

0.12

Self-reported Cognitive and/or Psychological Conditions, N (%)

Anxiety / Panic attacks

234 (57%)

34 (34%)

115 (59%)

85 (73%)

< 0.0001

Depression

134 (33%)

16 (16%)

58 (30%)

60 (51%)

< 0.0001

Eating disorder

8 (2%)

0

3 (2%)

5 (4%)

0.06

Hyperactivity / ADHD

54 (13%)

7 (7%)

23 (12%)

24 (21%)

0.01

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

38 (9%)

3 (3%)

20 (10%)

15 (13%)

0.03

Previous outpatient mental health care±

252 (61%)

53 (53%)

115 (59%)

84 (72%)

0.01

Previous psychiatric hospitalization

23 (6%)

2 (2%)

8 (4%)

13 (11%)

< 0.01

Suicide attempt

18 (4%)

3 (3%)

8 (4%)

7 (6%)

0.54

Suicide ideation

78 (19%)

13 (13%)

32 (17%)

33 (28%)

0.01

Co-morbid Rheumatologic condition

At least one rheumatologic condition^

36 (9%)

9 (9%)

16 (8%)

11 (9%)

0.94

  1. Abbreviations: N Number of subjects, IQR Interquartile Range, FDI Functional Disability Index (total scores range from 0 to 60 where higher scores indicate worse physical function), WPI Widespread Pain Index (total scores range from 0 to 19 where higher scores indicate more widespread pain), SSS Symptom Severity Score (total scores range from 0 to 12), ADHD Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
  2. oAutonomic changes categories: subjects could report or demonstrate an autonomic change (including temperature change, cyanosis, edema) in > 1 category.
  3. ±Previous outpatient mental health care defined as seen at least once by a counselor/therapist/psychologist for pain.
  4. ^Rheumatologic conditions included: juvenile idiopathic arthritis (n = 9); enthesitis (n = 9); inflammatory bowel disease (n = 7); uveitis (n = 2); vasculitis (n = 1), chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyeltisi (n = 1); Lyme disease (n = 2); Sjögren’s syndrome (n = 1); other (n = 12).
  5. Missing Data: Verbal Pain = 1, Patient FDI = 4, Parent FDI = 8, WPI = 9, SSS = 10, Duration = 3
Back to article page

Pediatric Rheumatology

ISSN: 1546-0096