Table 4 Exposure to antibiotics in the uterus and during the growth of those children who later developed JIA, categories of JIA compared to controls from the general population

Control

sJIA

aOR (95% CI)

p

Oligo

aOR (95% CI)

p

Poly RF-

aOR (95% CI)

p

Poly RF+

aOR (95% CI)

p

PsA

aOR (95% CI)

p

ERA

aOR (95% CI)

p

Undiff.

aOR (95% CI)

p

No. of subjects

16,489

7

25

16

4

11

16

23

 Any antibiotics (Yes or No), n (%)

2997 (20%)

4 (57%)

5.3 (1.2–23.5)

.030

7 (30%)

1.7 (0.7–4.2)

.229

4 (27%)

1.4 (0.5–4.5)

.537

0 (0%)

NA^#

.986

1 (13%)

0.6 (0.1–4.6)

.592

4 (25%)

1.3 (0.4–4.1)

.636

1 (5%)

0.2 (0.0–1.6)

.126

 Any antibiotics (Yes or No), n (%)

644 (6%)

1 (20%)

3.8 (0.4–34.0)

.233

2 (13%)

2.3 (0.5–10.4)

.265

2 (14%)

2.5 (0.6–11.3)

.225

0 (0%)

NA^#

.993

0 (0%)

NA^#

.993

1 (9%)

1.5 (0.2–11.9)

.691

1 (7%)

1.1 (0.1–8.3)

.937

 Infection with antibiotics (Yes or No), n (%)

3600 (38%)

3 (50%)

1.1 (0.6–2.3)

.699

3 (23%)

0.8 (0.4–1.3)

.345

8 (62%)

1.5 (1.0–2.4)

.073

1 (50%)

1.1 (0.3–3.9)

.823

2 (25%)

1.0 (0.6–1.9)

.902

6 (67%)

1.9 (1.1–3.3)

.029

6 (50%)

1.4 (0.9–2.2)

.187

 No. of courses (any antibiotic), mean (SD)

0.7 (1.2)

0.8 (0.8)

1.0 (0.5–1.9)

.996

0.5 (1.2)

0.8 (0.5–1.5)

.533

1.3 (1.4)

1.3 (1.0–1.7)

.101

0.8 (1.1)

1.0 (0.3–3.1)

.998

1.5 (3.0)

1.3 (1.0–1.9)

.088

1.8 (1.8)

1.4 (1.1–1.9)

.011

1.5 (2.4)

1.3 (1.0–1.8)

.037

 Infection with antibiotics (Yes or No), n (%)

4826 (60%)

4 (67%)

1.3 (0.2–7.3)

.737

6 (75%)

2.0 (0.4–10.0)

.394

8 (89%)

5.4 (0.7–42.8)

.076

2 (67%)

1.5 (0.6–3.8)

.426

3 (75%)

2.0 (0.2–19.3)

.546

5 (83%)

3.3 (0.4–28.6)

.270

8 (89%)

1.7 (1.0–3.0)

.061

 Penicillin (Yes or No), n (%)

5352 (63%)

4 (67%)

1.2 (0.2–6.5)

.840

7 (78%)

2.1 (0.4–10.0)

.360

7 (70%)

1.4 (0.4–5.4)

.634

2 (67%)

1.2 (0.1–13.1)

.887

3 (75%)

1.8 (0.2–17.2)

.615

6 (86%)

3.6 (0.4–29.7)

.239

8 (89%)

4.8 (0.6–38.1)

.141

 Non-penicillin (Yes or No), n (%)

1029 (13%)

1 (17%)

1.4 (0.2–11.9)

.765

2 (25%)

2.3 (0.5–11.5)

.305

3 (38%)

4.2 (1.0–17.4)

.034

0 (0%)

NA^#

.991

1 (33%)

3.5 (0.3–38.3)

.310

2 (29%)

2.8 (0.5–14.3)

.223

1 (14%)

1.2 (0.1–9.6)

.894

 No. of courses (any antibiotic), mean (SD)

1.5 (1.9)

1.0 (0.8)

0.8 (0.5–1.5)

.512

1.8 (1.5)

1.1 (0.8–1.5)

.703

2.2 (1.5)

1.2 (0.9–1.5)

.287

3.2 (4.3)

1.3 (0.9–2.0)

.145

1.8 (1.7)

1.1 (0.7–1.7)

.788

1.3 (0.6)

0.9 (0.6–1.5)

.742

2.6 (2.4)

1.2 (1.0–1.6)

.082

 No. of courses (penicillin), mean (SD)

1.5 (1.8)

1.8 (0.8)

1.0 (0.4–2.8)

.987

2.0 (1.6)

1.5 (0.7–3.2)

.281

1.9 (0.7)

1.1 (0.5–2.4)

.771

1.8 (2.0)

1.3 (0.3–5.0)

.704

2.0 (0.8)

1.3 (0.4–4.2)

.661

2.6 (2.7)

1.3 (0.9–1.7)

.115

2.3 (2.4)

1.7 (0.8–3.6)

.135

 No. of courses (non-penicillin), mean (SD)

0.3 (0.9)

0.5 (1.2)

1.3 (0.8–2.1)

.271

0.4 (0.7)

1.3 (0.7–2.7)

.407

0.9 (1.2)

1.8 (1.0–3.2)

.036

0.0 (0.0)

NA^#

.991

0.7 (1.2)

1.6 (0.6–4.4)

.387

0.8 (1.5)

1.6 (0.9–3.1)

.141

0.2 (0.6)

1.0 (0.4–2.7)

.974

 Infection with antibiotics (Yes or No), n (%)

4223 (61%)

2 (40%)

0.7 (0.4–1.6)

.436

5 (45%)

0.8 (0.5–1.4)

.495

6 (75%)

1.1 (0.6–2.0)

.670

2 (100%)

NA^#

.320

3 (60%)

1.1 (0.5–2.3)

.770

2 (33%)

0.6 (0.3–1.2)

.149

8 (67%)

1.1 (0.7–1.7)

.684

 Penicillin (Yes or No), n (%)

4813 (67%)

5 (83%)

2.4 (0.3–20.9)

.416

8 (67%)

1.0 (0.3–3.2)

.967

5 (63%)

0.8 (0.2–3.4)

.776

2 (100%)

NA^#

.320

3 (60%)

0.7 (0.1–4.4)

.732

2 (33%)

0.2 (0.0–1.3)

.103

8 (73%)

1.3 (0.3–4.9)

.699

 Non-penicillin (Yes or No), n (%)

837 (12%)

1 (17%)

1.5 (0.2–12.4)

.735

2 (18%)

1.6 (0.3–7.5)

.542

1 (13%)

1.0 (0.1–8.4)

.974

0 (0%)

NA^#

.992

1 (20%)

1.8 (0.2–16.2)

.595

0 (0%)

NA^#

.992

1 (11%)

0.9 (0.1–7.3)

.926

 No. of courses (any antibiotic), mean (SD)

1.5 (1.8)

1.1 (1.7)

0.9 (0.5–1.6)

.617

1.5 (2.5)

1.0 (0.7–1.4)

.982

1.4 (1.2)

1.0 (0.7–1.4)

.908

4.8 (4.6)

1.6 (1.0–2.5)

.048

1.9 (2.0)

1.1 (0.7–1.7)

.639

0.5 (0.8)

0.5 (0.2–1.3)

.175

1.8 (2.3)

1.1 (0.8–1.4)

.656

 No. of courses (penicillin), mean (SD)

1.7 (1.8)

2.2 (1.2)

1.5 (0.7–3.2)

.243

1.8 (1.7)

1.1 (0.7–1.7)

.809

1.4 (1.2)

0.9 (0.5–1.4)

.528

4.8 (4.6)

1.6 (1.0–2.5)

.048

1.4 (1.3)

0.9 (0.5–1.6)

.750

1.6 (3.2)

0.7 (0.3–1.3)

.250

1.3 (1.1)

1.0 (0.6–1.6)

.919

 No. of courses (non-penicillin), mean (SD)

0.2 (0.8)

0.3 (0.8)

1.1 (0.4–3.0)

.812

0.3 (0.6)

1.2 (0.6–2.4)

.647

0.3 (0.7)

1.0 (0.4–2.6)

.960

0.0 (0.0)

NA^#

.992

0.4 (0.9)

1.2 (0.5–3.4)

.675

0.0 (0.0)

NA^#

.991

0.9 (2.7)

1.5 (1.0–2.0)

.025

 Infection with antibiotics (Yes or No), n (%)

1450 (38%)

3 (75%)

1.9 (0.8–4.4)

.120

5 (56%)

1.4 (0.8–2.5)

.187

3 (50%)

1.4 (0.7–2.8)

.281

0 (0%)

NA

NA

3 (100%)

NA^#

.028

2 (40%)

1.5 (0.7–3.1)

.267

1 (17%)

0.6 (0.2–1.6)

.289

 Penicillin (Yes or No), n (%)

1562 (40%)

3 (75%)

4.5 (0.5–43.5)

.192

4 (44%)

1.2 (0.3–4.5)

.781

3 (50%)

1.5 (0.3–7.5)

.616

0 (0%)

NA

NA

3 (100%)

NA^#

.034

2 (40%)

1.0 (0.2–6.0)

.996

2 (33%)

0.8 (0.1–4.1)

.744

 Non-penicillin (Yes or No), n (%)

237 (6%)

3 (0%)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

.996

16 (0%)

0.0 (0.0–0.0)

.995

2 (33%)

7.6 (1.4–41.6)

.006

0 (0%)

NA

NA

0 (0%)

NA^#

.996

4 (100%)

5.1 (0.5–48.8)

.161

0 (0%)

NA^#

.995

 No. of courses (any antibiotic), mean (SD)

0.8 (1.3)

1.8 (1.7)

1.4 (0.9–2.1)

.142

1.4 (1.6)

1.3 (0.9–1.8)

.154

1.6 (2.0)

1.3 (0.9–1.9)

.131

0 (0%)

NA

NA

1.5 (0.0)

1.3 (0.8–2.2)

.334

2.4 (3.6)

1.5 (1.1–2.1)

.011

0.3 (0.6)

0.5 (0.1–1.9)

.309

 No. of courses (penicillin), mean (SD)

0.7 (1.1)

1.5 (1.0)

1.7 (0.7–4.2)

.236

1.5 (1.9)

1.4 (1.0–2.0)

.034

1.2 (1.3)

1.3 (0.8–2.1)

.313

0 (0%)

NA

NA

2.0 (0.0)

2.7 (0.9–8.6)

.091

2.4 (3.6)

1.7 (1.2–2.4)

.002

0.5 (0.8)

0.8 (0.3–2.0)

.613

 No. of courses (non-penicillin), mean (SD)

0.1 (0.5)

0.0 (0.0)

NA^#

.995

0.0 (0.0)

NA^#

.995

0.7 (1.0)

2.3 (1.1–4.8)

.027

0 (0%)

NA

NA

0.0 (0.0)

NA^#

.996

2.0 (4.0)

2.9 (1.3–6.2)

.007

0.0 (0.0)

NA^#

.995