Table 1 Demographics and clinical characteristics in children with JIA and in healthy children

Gender (n, %)

0.000^a

0.479^a

 Male

96 (32.2)

88 (52.1)

27 (29.3)

69 (33.5)

 Female

202 (67.8)

81 (47.9)

65 (70.7)

137 (66.5)

Mean age (years; mean, SD)

12.7 (3.5)

11.5 (3.5)

0.000^b

15.0 (4.0)

13.0 (6.0)

0.000^b

Mean weight (kg; mean, SD)

50.7 (17.7)

46.9 (17.3)

0.026^b

56.5 (24.5)

48.4 (28.2)

0.001^b

Mean length (cm; mean, SD)

157.1 (18.3)

153.0 (20.9)

0.032^b

165.0 (22)

160.5 (27.0)

0.001^b

Orthodontic treatment (n, %)

48 (16.1)

17 (10.1)

0.070^a

16 (17.4)

32 (15.5)

0.687^a

Medication use (n, %)

225 (75.5)

14 (8.3)

0.000^a

76 (82.6)

149 (72.3)

0.074^a

Clinical remission off medication

73 (24.5)

16 (17.4)

55 (26.7)

0.000^a

JIA subtype (n, %)

0.615^a

 Systemic

29 (9.7)

11 (12.0)

18 (8.7)

 Oligoarticular, persistent

113 (24.2)

26 (28.3)

87 (42.2)

 Oligoarticular, extended

32 (6.9)

11 (12.0)

21 (10.2)

 Polyarticular, RF-

63 (13.5)

24 (26.1)

39 (18.9)

 Polyarticular, RF+

15 (3.2)

5 (5.4)

10 (4.9)

 Enthesitis-related

18 (3.9)

6 (6.5)

12 (5.8)

 Psoriatic arthritis

15 (3.2)

5 (5.4)

10 (4.9)

 Undifferentiated

13 (4.4)

4 (4.3)

9 (4.4)

 Positive ANA

96 (20.6)

67 (32.5)

29 (31.5)

0.645^a

 Positive RF

17 (3.6)

12 (5.8)

5 (5.4)

0.457^b

 Positive HLA-B27

22 (4.7)

15 (7.3)

7 (7.6)

0.629^a

Mean disease duration (months; mean, SD)

62.1 (51.2)

73.5 (56.9)

57.1 (47.8)

0.002^b

cJADAS (n, %)

0.000^a

 0-2 (low)

189 (63.4)

49 (53.3)

140 (68.0)

 3-7 (moderate)

61 (20.5)

20 (21.7)

41 (19.9)

 ≥8 (high)

42 (14.1)

19 (20.7)

23 (11.2)

 Missing

6 (2.0)

4 (4.3)

2 (1.0)

 NSAIDS

87 (29.2)

33 (35.9)

54 (26.2)

0.090^a

 Corticosteroids

15 (5.0)

8 (8.7)

9 (4.2)

0.050^a

 DMARDS

138 (46.3)

43 (46.7)

95 (46.2)

0.627^a

 Biologicals

88 (29.5)

37 (40.2)

51 (24.8)

0.007^a

 No medication

73 (24.5)

16 (17.4)

55 (26.7)

0.074^a

DMARDS (n, %)

0.404^a

 Methotrexate

119 (39.9)

33 (35.9)

86 (41.7)

 Leflunomide

12 (4.0)

6 (6.5)

6 (2.9)

 Azathioprine

2 (0.7)

1 (1.1)

1 (0.5)

 Sulphasalazine

2 (0.7)

1 (1.1)

1 (0.5)

 Other

3 (1.0)

2 (2.2)

1 (0.5)

 No DMARDS

160 (53.7)

49 (53.3)

111 (53.9)

Biologicals (n, %)

0.073^a

 Adalimumab

42 (14.1)

14 (15.2)

28 (13.6)

 Etanercept

23 (7.7)

10 (10.9)

13 (6.3)

 Tocilizumab

6 (2.0)

3 (3.3)

3 (1.5)

 Canakinumab

5 (1.7)

2 (2.2)

3 (1.5)

 Golimumab

5 (1.7)

4 (4.3)

1 (0.5)

 Abatacept

1 (0.3)

1 (1.1)

0

 Anakinra

2 (0.7)

1 (1.1)

1 (0.5)

 Infliximab

1 (0.3)

0

1 (0.5)

 Other

3 (1.0)

2 (2.2)

1 (0.5)

 No Biologicals

210 (70.5)

55 (59.8)

155 (75.2)

  Problems in chewing (n, %)

42 (14.1)

0 (0.0)

0.000^a

40 (43.5)

2 (1.0)

  Eating slower than others (n, %)

28 (9.4)

5 (3.0)

0.005^a

26 (28.3)

2 (1.0)

  Biting hard food difficult (n, %)

38 (12.8)

0 (0.0)

0.000^a

38 (41.3)

0 (0.0)

  Pain while eating (n, %)

54 (18.1)

0 (0.0)

0.000^a

49 (53.3)

5 (2.4)

  Limited mouth opening (n, %)

33 (11.1)

1 (0.6)

0.000^a

29 (31.5)

4 (1.9)

  Limited mouth opening (n, %)

42 (14.1)

2 (1.2)

0.000^a

33 (35.9)

9 (4.4)

  Crepitation (audible) (n, %)

33 (11.1)

0 (0.0)

0.000^a

26 (28.3)

7 (3.4)

  Pain AMIO (n, %)

21 (7.0)

0 (0.0)

0.000^a

20 (21.7)

1 (0.5)

  Deviation AMIO (>2 mm) (n, %)

51 (17.1)

1 (0.6)

0.000^a

46 (50.0)

5 (2.4)

  Asymmetry (n, %)

57 (19.1)

13 (7.8)

0.001^a

42 (45.7)

15 (7.3)

  Retrognathia (n, %)

23 (7.7)

9 (5.4)

0.325^a

15 (16.3)

8 (3.9)

 TMJ (n,%)

28 (9.4)

4 (2.4)

0.004^a

18 (19.6)

10 (4.9)

0.000^a

 Masseter muscle (n,%)

30 (10.1)

6 (3.6)

0.011^a

22 (23.9)

8 (3.9)

0.000^a

 Temporal muscle (n,%)

13 (4.4)

0 (0.0)

0.006^a

11 (12.0)

2 (1.0)

0.000^a