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Table 1 Demographic and baseline clinical features of children with rheumatic diseases and COVID-19

From: Outcomes of COVID-19 in a cohort of pediatric patients with rheumatic diseases

Category

Total

n = 55

Hospitalized

n = 10

Ambulatory

n = 45

OR

(95% CI)

P

Demographics

 Age in years

16

(14–18)

17

(16–19)

16

(13–17)

 

0.07

 Female

43

(78.2)

7

(70.0)

36

(80.0)

0.59 (0.11–4.22)

0.67

 African American

17

(30.9)

7

(70.0)

10

(22.2)

7.78 (1.46–55.38)

0.006

 Asian

1

(1.8)

0

(0)

1

(2.2)

0 (0–175.02)

1

 Caucasian

31

(56.4)

2

(20.0)

29

(64.4)

0.14 (0.01–0.83)

0.01

 Hispanic or Latino

6

(10.9)

1

(10.0)

5

(11.1)

0.89 (0.02–9.54)

1

Baseline clinical features

 Comorbidities

27

(49.1)

6

(60.0)

21

(46.7)

1.69 (0.35–9.35)

0.50

Primary rheumatic disease

 Juvenile Idiopathic arthritis

17

(30.9)

1

(10.0)

16

(35.6)

0.21 (0.004–1.73)

0.15

 Systemic lupus erythematosus

14

(25.5)

5

(50.0)

9

(20.0)

3.88 (0.72–21.23)

0.1

 Juvenile Dermatomyositis

6

(10.9)

0

(0)

6

(13.3)

0 (0–3.94)

0.58

 Other

18

(32.7)

4

(40.0)

14

(31.1)

1.46 (0.26–7.38)

0.71

 Active rheumatic disease

28

(50.9)

9

(90.0)

19

(42.2)

11.83 (1.43–558.37)

0.01

Immunomodulatory medications

 Oral corticosteroids < 10 mg

8

(14.5)

3

(30.0)

5

(11.1)

3.33 (0.42–22.33)

0.15

 Oral corticosteroids ≥10 mg

10

(18.2)

6

(60.0)

4

(8.9)

14.12 (2.31–106.04)

0.001

 IV pulse corticosteroids

3

(5.5)

0

(0.0)

3

(6.7)

0 (0–11.40)

1

 Hydroxychloroquine

27

(49.1)

7

(70.0)

20

(44.4)

2.89 (0.56–19.35)

0.18

 Other cDMARDsa

20

(36.4)

2

(20.0)

18

(40.0)

0.38 (0.03–2.22)

0.3

 Mycophenolate

16

(29.1)

7

(70.0)

9

(20.0)

8.84 (1.64–63.88)

0.004

 Tofacitinib

2

(3.6)

1

(10.0)

1

(2.2)

4.69 (0.06–390.81)

0.33

 Intravenous immunoglobulin

4

(7.3)

0

(0.0)

4

(8.9)

0 (0–7.15)

1

 Cyclophosphamide

4

(7.3)

1

(10.0)

3

(6.7)

1.54 (0.03–21.94)

0.56

 TNFi

14

(25.5)

0

(0.0)

14

(31.1)

0 (0–1.17)

0.05

 Rituximab

7

(12.7)

5

(50.0)

2

(2.2)

19.40 (2.45–254.14)

0.001

 Other bDMARDsb

8

(14.5)

2

(20.0)

6

(13.3)

0.73 (0.01–7.29)

1

 None

3

(5.5)

0

(0.0)

3

(6.7)

0 (0–11.40)

1

 Severe Immunosupressionc

17

(32.7)

9

(90.0)

8

(19.0)

34.80 (3.94–1704.26)

< 0.001

  1. Numerical variables are expressed as median (IQR), and categorical variables as n (%)
  2. Abbreviations: CI Confidence Interval; bDMARDs biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs; cDMARDs: conventional disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs; OR: Odds ratio; IQR: Interquartile range; TNFi: Tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors. aMethotrexate (n = 12), leflunomide (n = 5), sulfasalazine (n = 3). bAbatacept (n = 3), tocilizumab (n = 2), ustekinumab (n = 1), anakinra (n = 1), belimumab (n = 1). cn = 52: Patients off immunomodulators excluded