Table 4 Risk factors of osteoporosis in childhood

Modifiable

Nutritional

• Caloric intake

• Protein intake

• Calcium intake

• Phosphorus intake

• Vitamin D

• Others (vitamins K, group B, Mg, K …)

Lifestyle

• Solar exposure

• Physical exercise

• Tobacco

• Alcohol

Partly modifiable

High risk diseases

• Prematurity

• Pregnancy and nursing in adolescents

• Intestinal malabsorption

• Cystic fibrosis

• Celiac disease

• Inflammatory bowel disease

• Food allergies

• Chronic lactose intolerance

• Chronic liver disease

• Chronic kidney disease

• Cerebral palsy

• Chronic rheumatic diseases …

Hormonal

• Treatment with glucocorticoids

• Hyperparathyroidism

• Hypogonadism

Non- modifiable

Genetics

Sex

Ethnicity