Table 2 Causes of secondary osteoporosis
| Neuromuscular disorders |
Cerebral palsy Duchenne muscular dystrophy Rett syndrome Myopathies Diseases resulting in long-term immobilization |
| Hematological diseases |
Leukemias Hemophilia Thalassemia |
| Systemic autoimmune diseases |
Juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus Juvenile dermatomyositis Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis Systemic sclerosis |
| Lung diseases | Cystic fibrosis |
| Gastrointestinal diseases |
Celiac disease Inflammatory bowel disease Chronic liver disease Cow’s milk protein allergy |
| Renal diseases |
Nephrotic Syndrome Chronic renal failure |
| Psychiatric illnesses | Anorexia nervosa |
| Infectious diseases |
HIV infection Immunodeficiencies |
| Endocrine diseases |
Delayed puberty Hypogonadism Turner syndrome Klinefelter Syndrome Growth hormone deficiency Acromegaly Hyperthyroidism Diabetes Hyperprolactinemia Cushing syndrome Adrenal insufficiency Hyperparathyroidism Vitamin D metabolism disorders |
| Inborn errors of metabolism |
Glycogen storage disease Galactosemia Gaucher disease |
| Skin conditions | Epidermolysis bullosa |
| Iatrogenesis |
Systemic glucocorticoids Cyclosporine Methotrexate Heparin Anticonvulsants Radiation therapy |