Table 1 Demographic, clinical and psychological characteristics based on pain type in subjects with amplified pain (N = 636)
From: The spectrum of pediatric amplified musculoskeletal pain syndrome
Variables | All (N = 636) | Limited pain* (N = 290) | Diffuse pain* (N = 346) | P-value† |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics, N (%) | ||||
Sex, female | 509 (80%) | 218 (75%) | 291 (84%) | < 0.01† |
Race | ||||
Caucasian | 502 (79%) | 232 (80%) | 270 (78%) | 0.55 |
Black | 53 (8%) | 21 (7%) | 32 (9%) | 0.36 |
Other | 78 (12%) | 35 (12%) | 43 (12%) | 0.89 |
Ethnicity, non-Hispanic | 581 (91%) | 260 (90%) | 321 (93%) | 0.37 |
Age, median (IQR|) | 14 (12–16) | 14 (12–15) | 15 (13–16) | < 0.001† |
BMI, median (IQR) | 22 (19–26) | 21 (19–26) | 19 (17–22) | 0.56 |
Meet 2010 ACR Fibromyalgia Criteria‡ | 222 (35%) | 23 (8%) | 199 (58%) | < 0.0001† |
Patient Reported Outcome Measures, Median (IQR) | ||||
Current pain (0–10) | 5 (3–7) | 5 (2–7) | 6 (4–7) | <.0001† |
Most pain (0–10) | 9 (8–10) | 9 (8–10) | 10 (8–10) | < 0.01† |
Least pain (0–10) | 3 (1–5) | 3 (0–4) | 4 (2–6) | <.0001† |
Patient FDI (0–60) | 22 (13–31) | 19 (10–28) | 25 (17–33) | <.0001† |
Parent FDI (0–60) | 22 (12–31) | 18 (10–27) | 25 (15–32) | <.0001† |
WPI Score (scored 0–19) | 6 (2–10) | 2 (1–3) | 10 (7–14) | <.0001† |
SSS (scored 0–12) | 6 (3–8) | 4 (2–6) | 7 (5–9) | <.0001† |
Duration of symptoms (months) | 18 (8–36) | 12 (7–36) | 24 (9–48) | < 0.01† |
History of trigger event^ | 181 (28%) | 98 (34%) | 83 (24%) | < 0.01† |
Attend Traditional School, yes [N, (%)] | 344 (54%) | 172 (59%) | 172 (50%) | 0.02† |
Transient autonomic changes§, yes [N, (%)] | 87 (14%) | 40 (14%) | 47 (14%) | 0.94 |
Self-reported Cognitive and/or Psychological Issues¶, N (%) | ||||
Anxiety / Panic attacks | 288 (45%) | 108 (37%) | 180 (52%) | < 0.001† |
Depression | 173 (27%) | 52 (18%) | 121 (35%) | <.0001† |
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder | 55 (9%) | 18 (6%) | 37 (11%) | 0.04† |
Previous outpatient mental health care║ | 421 (66%) | 177 (61%) | 244 (71%) | 0.01† |
Previous psychiatric hospitalization | 33 (5%) | 7 (2%) | 26 (8%) | < 0.01† |
Suicide attempt | 21 (3%) | 6 (2%) | 15 (4%) | 0.12 |
Suicide ideation | 117 (18%) | 36 (12%) | 81 (23%) | < 0.001† |
Adverse Childhood Experiences¶, N (%) | ||||
Household member Attempted/Committed Suicide | 6 (1%) | 1 (< 1%) | 5 (2%) | 0.23 |
Household member went to Prison | 5 (1%) | 2 (1%) | 3 (1%) | 1.00 |
Parents are Divorced/Separated | 123 (19%) | 45 (16%) | 78 (23%) | 0.03† |
Parents or other household member with Alcohol/Drug problem | 12 (2%) | 3 (1%) | 9 (3%) | 0.24 |
Verbal/Physical/Sexual Abuse | 7 (1%) | 2 (1%) | 5 (2%) | 0.46 |
Other adverse childhood experiences | 82 (13%) | 39 (14%) | 43 (12%) | 0.70 |
Number of Adverse Childhood Experiences, N (%) | ||||
0 | 445 (70%) | 211 (73%) | 234 (68%) | 0.24 |
1 | 151 (24%) | 67 (23%) | 84 (24%) | |
2 | 31 (5%) | 10 (4%) | 21 (6%) | |
3 | 6 (1%) | 2 (1%) | 4 (1%) | |
4 | 3 (< 1%) | 0 | 3 (1%) | |
Type of Pain, N (%) | ||||
Constant | 487 (77%) | 216 (74%) | 271 (78%) | 0.04† |
Intermittent | 117 (18%) | 61 (21%) | 56 (16%) | |
Constant and intermittent | 26 (4%) | 8 (3%) | 18 (5%) | |
No pain | 6 (1%) | 5 (2%) | 1 (< 1%) | |