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Table 2 Concentrations of heavy metals in cord blood. P-values, versus controls, from independent samples t-test and Mann-Whitney U-test. Dietary fish intake during pregnancy, dichotomized to either low intake (< 1 per week) or moderate-high intake (≥1 per week). P-values from independent samples t-test

From: Heavy metals in fish and its association with autoimmunity in the development of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a prospective birth cohort study

      

Fish consumption

 

Controls

JIA

p

ANA+

p

< 1 per week

≥ 1 per week

p

(n = 40)

(n = 42)

 

(n = 11)

 

(n = 49)

(n = 30)

 

Aluminium, Al (μg/L)

 Mean (SD)

6.1 (4.8)

11.2 (9.7)

< 0.001

15.4 (12.9)

< 0.001

8.1 (7.3)

10.1 (9.6)

0.261

 Median (Range)

5.0 (5.0–34.0)

7.0 (5.0–47.2)

12.1 (5.0–47.2)

6.0 (5.0–41.4)

7.0 (5.0–47.2)

Cadmium, Cd (μg/L)

 Mean (SD)

0.07 (0.08)

0.19 (0.50)

< 0.001

0.18 (0.30)

< 0.001

0.11 (0.19)

0.16 (0.45)

0.003

 Median (Range)

0.05 (0.05–0.47)

0.07 (0.05–3.12)

0.08 (0.05–1.08)

0.07 (0.05–1.08)

0.07 (0.05–3.12)

Mercury, Hg (μg/L)

 Mean (SD)

0.24 (0.08)

0.33 (0.14)

< 0.001

0.33 (0.17)

0.067

0.28 (0.13)

0.31 (0.11)

0.011

 Median (Range)

0.20 (0.20–0.53)

0.30 (0.20–1.01)

0.29 (0.20–0.65)

0.21 (0.20–1.01)

0.30 (0.20–0.65)

Lithium, Li (μg/L)

 Mean (SD)

1.01 (0.04)

2.79 (6.03)

< 0.001

6.21 (11.41)

< 0.001

1.31 (0.70)

3.01 (7.14)

0.015

 Median (Range)

1.00 (1.00–1.22)

1.00 (1.00–39.40)

2.08 (1.00–39.40)

1.00 (1.00–4.14)

1.00 (1.00–39.40)

Lead, Pb (μg/L)

 Mean (SD)

0.64 (0.50)

0.52 (0.06)

0.902

0.53 (0.08)

0.952

0.58 (0.44)

0.56 (0.18)

0.790

 Median (Range)

0.5 (0.5–3.5)

0.5 (0.5–0.8)

0.5 (0.5–0.8)

0.5 (0.5–3.5)

0.5 (0.5–1.3)

Zinc, Zn (μg/L)

 Mean (SD)

1070 (521)

1039 (256)

0.412

1184 (375)

0.216

1061 (418)

1062 (404)

0.998

 Median (Range)

966 (683–3600)

984 (665–1780)

1030 (707–1780)

996 (683–3600)

960 (665–1062)

Copper, Cu (μg/L)

 Mean (SD)

417 (106)

509 (281)

0.516

490 (171)

0.291

473 (239)

512 (286)

0.997

 Median (Range)

408 (257–579)

432 (233–1540)

425 (291–866)

424 (233–1460)

489 (259–1540)

Arsenic, As (μg/L)

 Mean (SD)

1.09 (0.27)

2.04 (1.96)

0.053

1.45 (0.95)

0.112

1.88 (1.77)

1.86 (1.90)

0.957

 Median (Range)

1.0 (1.0–1.9)

1.0 (1.0–9.3)

1.0 (1.0–4.2)

1.0 (1.0–9.3)

1.0 (1.0–7.9)

Magnesium, Mg (mg/L)

 Mean (SD)

16.6 (1.9)

16.9 (2.6)

0.780

17.0 (4.0)

0.944

16.6 (1.9)

17.4 (2.7)

0.223

 Median (Range)

16.7 (12.7–19.4)

16.8 (10.5–26.4)

16.7 (10.5–26.4)

16.7 (12.3–19.8)

17.3 (12.6–26.4)

Iron, Fe (mg/L)

 Mean (SD)

2.97 (1.70)

2.44 (1.58)

0.450

2.65 (2.76)

0.275

2.67 (1.30)

2.43 (1.94)

0.598

 Median (Range)

2.2 (1.6–6.7)

2.1 (0.0–10.4)

1.8 (0.0–10.4)

2.2 (1.2–6.7)

2.0 (0–10.4)

  1. Statistically significant p-values in bold
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Pediatric Rheumatology

ISSN: 1546-0096