Risk factors | No disease damage (n = 39) | Disease damage present (n = 20) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Patient demographics | ||||
 Age at diagnosis | 13 [12–15] | 12 [10–14.8] | 0.77 (0.62–0.97) | 0.03 |
 Male | 5 (12.8%) | 4 (20%) | 1.7 (0.40–7.20) | 0.47 |
 Ethnicity (Chinese) | 37 (94.9%) | 19 (95%) | 1.03 (0.09–12.06) | 0.98 |
 Disease duration (years) | 7.6 [4.6–11.1] | 9.45 [6.4–11.3] | 1.08 (0.93–1.26) | 0.29 |
Laboratory data at diagnosis | ||||
 Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 10.6 [9.5–11.8] | 10.6 [6.8–11.8] | 0.90 (0.67–1.22) | 0.51 |
 White cell count (× 109/L) | 5 [3.5–7.0] | 3.95 [3.6–5.7] | 0.87 (0.70–1.08) | 0.20 |
 Platelet (×109/L) | 161 [85.5–264.0] | 211.5 [96.8–257.5] | 1 (1–1.01) | 0.40 |
 Serum albumin (g/L) | 36 [30.0–40.0] | 34 [31.0–36.8] | 0.98 (0.92–1.05) | 0.64 |
 Serum creatinine (umol/L) | 55 [50.0–68.0] | 54 [47.0–69.0] | 1 (0.97–1.03) | 0.78 |
 C3 (g/L) | 0.52 [0.3–0.8] | 0.41 [0.2–0.5] | 0.13 (0.01–1.11) | 0.06 |
 C4 (g/L) | 0.08 [0.05–0.1] | 0.08 [0.04–0.1] | 0.03 (0–131.44) | 0.40 |
 Anti-dsDNA titre (IU/mL) | 210 [83.5–300.0] | 300 [213.3–300.0] | 1 (0.99–1.00) | 0.52 |
 SLEDAI score at diagnosis | 12 [7.5–14.3] | 11.5 [7.3–18.8] | 1.05 (0.97–1.14) | 0.22 |
Disease manifestations over the course of disease | ||||
 Neuropsychiatric manifestations | 1 (2.6%) | 8 (40%) | 25.33 (2.87–223.62) | < 0.01 |
 Haematological involvement | 24 (61.5%) | 16 (80%) | 2.5 (0.70–8.92) | 0.16 |
 Renal involvement | 29 (74.4%) | 18 (90%) | 3.10 (0.61–15.81) | 0.17 |
 Serositis | 5 (12.8%) | 5 (25%) | 2.27 (0.57–9.01) | 0.25 |
 Number of major organ involvement | 1 [1–2] | 2 [1.3–3] | 2.51 (1.34–4.69) | < 0.01 |
 Positivity of Anti-phospholipid antibody | 9 (27.3%) | 6 (42.9%) | 2 (0.54–7.39) | 0.30 |
Treatment related factors | ||||
 Cumulative dose of CYC (mg/kg) | 70 [0–140] | 7.5 [0–115.8]) | 1 (0.99–1.01) | 0.83 |
 Ever use of CYC | 20 (51.3%) | 15 (75%) | 2.85 (0.87–9.38) | 0.09 |
 Ever use of intravenous MP | 17 (43.6%) | 11 (55%) | 1.58 (0.54–4.68) | 0.41 |
Events during the course of disease | ||||
 Number of clinical flares | 1 [0–4] | 5 [0.5–8.8] | 1.25 (1.06–1.46) | < 0.01 |
 Episodes of major infection | 0 [0–1] | 1 [1–3.8] | 1.77 (1.11–2.78) | 0.02 |
 SLEDAI score at last visit | 2 [0–4] | 4 [2–7.5] | 1.18 (0.98–1.42) | 0.08 |