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Table 3 Univariate analysis of risk factors associated with disease damage

From: Risk factors for damage in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus in Asians: a case control study

Risk factors

No disease damage (n = 39)

Disease damage present (n = 20)

Odds ratio (95% CI)

p-value

Patient demographics

 Age at diagnosis

13 [12–15]

12 [10–14.8]

0.77 (0.62–0.97)

0.03

 Male

5 (12.8%)

4 (20%)

1.7 (0.40–7.20)

0.47

 Ethnicity (Chinese)

37 (94.9%)

19 (95%)

1.03 (0.09–12.06)

0.98

 Disease duration (years)

7.6 [4.6–11.1]

9.45 [6.4–11.3]

1.08 (0.93–1.26)

0.29

Laboratory data at diagnosis

 Haemoglobin (g/dL)

10.6 [9.5–11.8]

10.6 [6.8–11.8]

0.90 (0.67–1.22)

0.51

 White cell count (× 109/L)

5 [3.5–7.0]

3.95 [3.6–5.7]

0.87 (0.70–1.08)

0.20

 Platelet (×109/L)

161 [85.5–264.0]

211.5 [96.8–257.5]

1 (1–1.01)

0.40

 Serum albumin (g/L)

36 [30.0–40.0]

34 [31.0–36.8]

0.98 (0.92–1.05)

0.64

 Serum creatinine (umol/L)

55 [50.0–68.0]

54 [47.0–69.0]

1 (0.97–1.03)

0.78

 C3 (g/L)

0.52 [0.3–0.8]

0.41 [0.2–0.5]

0.13 (0.01–1.11)

0.06

 C4 (g/L)

0.08 [0.05–0.1]

0.08 [0.04–0.1]

0.03 (0–131.44)

0.40

 Anti-dsDNA titre (IU/mL)

210 [83.5–300.0]

300 [213.3–300.0]

1 (0.99–1.00)

0.52

 SLEDAI score at diagnosis

12 [7.5–14.3]

11.5 [7.3–18.8]

1.05 (0.97–1.14)

0.22

Disease manifestations over the course of disease

 Neuropsychiatric manifestations

1 (2.6%)

8 (40%)

25.33 (2.87–223.62)

< 0.01

 Haematological involvement

24 (61.5%)

16 (80%)

2.5 (0.70–8.92)

0.16

 Renal involvement

29 (74.4%)

18 (90%)

3.10 (0.61–15.81)

0.17

 Serositis

5 (12.8%)

5 (25%)

2.27 (0.57–9.01)

0.25

 Number of major organ involvement

1 [1–2]

2 [1.3–3]

2.51 (1.34–4.69)

< 0.01

 Positivity of Anti-phospholipid antibody

9 (27.3%)

6 (42.9%)

2 (0.54–7.39)

0.30

Treatment related factors

 Cumulative dose of CYC (mg/kg)

70 [0–140]

7.5 [0–115.8])

1 (0.99–1.01)

0.83

 Ever use of CYC

20 (51.3%)

15 (75%)

2.85 (0.87–9.38)

0.09

 Ever use of intravenous MP

17 (43.6%)

11 (55%)

1.58 (0.54–4.68)

0.41

Events during the course of disease

 Number of clinical flares

1 [0–4]

5 [0.5–8.8]

1.25 (1.06–1.46)

< 0.01

 Episodes of major infection

0 [0–1]

1 [1–3.8]

1.77 (1.11–2.78)

0.02

 SLEDAI score at last visit

2 [0–4]

4 [2–7.5]

1.18 (0.98–1.42)

0.08

  1. Descriptive data represented as median [interquartile range] or frequency (%)
  2. Statistically significant variables are highlighted as bold text
  3. CI confidence interval, SLEDAI SLE disease activity index, CYC cyclophosphamide, MP methylprednisolone