Table 1 Demographics and clinical characteristic of the 59 patients included in the study
Patient demographics | |
 Age at diagnosis (year) | 13 [12–15] |
 Female:male ratio | 5.6:1 |
 Ethnicity | |
  Chinese | 56 (94.9%) |
  Others | 3 (5.1%) |
 Disease duration in years | 7.8 [5.5–10.1] |
Disease manifestations | |
 Presence of neuropsychiatric manifestations | 9 (15.3%) |
 Presence of haematological involvement | 40 (67.8%) |
 Presence of renal involvement | 47 (79.7%) |
 WHO class II lupus nephritis | 2 (3.3%) |
 WHO class III lupus nephritis | 10 (16.9%) |
 WHO class IV lupus nephritis | 30 (50.8%) |
 WHO class V lupus nephritis | 8 (13.6%) |
 Presence of serositis | 10 (16.9%) |
Drug therapies | |
 Ever use of hydroxychloroquine | 36 (61%) |
 Ever use of intravenous methylprednisolone | 28 (31.9%) |
 Ever use of cyclophosphamide (intravenous or oral) | 35 (59.3%) |
 Ever use of mycophenolate mofetil/mycophenolic acid | 21 (35.6%) |
 Ever use of azathioprine | 49 (83.1%) |
 Ever use of cyclosporine | 13 (22%) |
 Ever use of intravenous immunoglobulin | 7 (11.9%) |
 Ever use of rituximab | 1 (1.7%) |