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Table 1 Demographics and clinical characteristic of the 59 patients included in the study
| Patient demographics | |
| Age at diagnosis (year) | 13 [12–15] |
| Female:male ratio | 5.6:1 |
| Ethnicity | |
| Chinese | 56 (94.9%) |
| Others | 3 (5.1%) |
| Disease duration in years | 7.8 [5.5–10.1] |
| Disease manifestations | |
| Presence of neuropsychiatric manifestations | 9 (15.3%) |
| Presence of haematological involvement | 40 (67.8%) |
| Presence of renal involvement | 47 (79.7%) |
| WHO class II lupus nephritis | 2 (3.3%) |
| WHO class III lupus nephritis | 10 (16.9%) |
| WHO class IV lupus nephritis | 30 (50.8%) |
| WHO class V lupus nephritis | 8 (13.6%) |
| Presence of serositis | 10 (16.9%) |
| Drug therapies | |
| Ever use of hydroxychloroquine | 36 (61%) |
| Ever use of intravenous methylprednisolone | 28 (31.9%) |
| Ever use of cyclophosphamide (intravenous or oral) | 35 (59.3%) |
| Ever use of mycophenolate mofetil/mycophenolic acid | 21 (35.6%) |
| Ever use of azathioprine | 49 (83.1%) |
| Ever use of cyclosporine | 13 (22%) |
| Ever use of intravenous immunoglobulin | 7 (11.9%) |
| Ever use of rituximab | 1 (1.7%) |
