Table 1 Evidence for the involvement of the microbiome in JIA
From: The human microbiome and juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Author & year | Patients & healthy controls (n) | Medication use | Study conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|
Aberrations in mucosal homeostasis | |||
 Malin 1996 [54] | Oligo-JIA (19) Poly-JIA (6) ERA (1) HC (26) | Mixed | ↑ Bacterial urease activity in faeces of JIA patients |
 Picco 2000 [56] | Oligo-JIA (26) Mixed other (14) | Unknown | ↑ Intestinal permeability in all subtypes of JIA |
Microbiota composition | |||
 Hissink-Müller 2013 [57] | Poly-JIA (8) HC (24) | DMARD naive | ↓ Firmicutes in JIA patients |
 Tejesvi 2016 [11] | Oligo-JIA (13) Poly-JIA (16) ERA (1) HC (27) | DMARD naive | ↓ Bacteroidetes;↓ Firmicutes in JIA Genera Actinobacteria and Fusobacteria only present in JIA |
Childhood antibiotic use | |||
 Horton 2015 [13] | JIA (152) HC (1520) | Unknown | Association between antibiotic exposure and JIA (dose and time-dependent); No association with nonbacterial antimicrobial agents |
 Arvonen 2015 [12] | JIA (1298) HC (5179) | Unknown | Association between antibiotic exposure and JIA (dose-dependent); strongest for lincosamides and cephalosporins |