Table 2 Infections associated with immune-modulatory drugs used in SLE
From: Review article: BK virus in systemic lupus erythematosus
Immuno-modulatory Drugs [References] | Mechanism of Action | Immune Target | Viral Infections | Bacterial Infections | Fungal Infections |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inhibition of NF-kB | Impact all immune cell types, nonspecific | CMV | Mycobacteria | Candida | |
HSV | Nocardia | Cryptococcus | |||
VZV | PCP | ||||
Measles | |||||
Kaposi’s sarcoma | |||||
DNA alkylating agent | Impact all immune cell types, nonspecific | CMV | Mycobacteria | PCP | |
HSV | S. epidermidis | ||||
Viral hepatitis | |||||
Inhibition of IMPDH/de-novo purine synthesis inhibitor | B and T cells | CMV | (No specific organism identified) | Aspergillus | |
HSV | Candida | ||||
JC virus | Cryptococcosis | ||||
VZV | Mucor | ||||
PCP | |||||
Chimeric human-mouse IgG1 anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody | B cells | BK virus | E.coli | Aspergillus | |
CMV | Mycobacteria | Candida | |||
EBV | P. aeruginosa | Nonaspergillus mould | |||
Enterovirus | S. aures | PCP | |||
HSV | S. typhii | Tinea corpis | |||
Hepatitis B & C | Shigella | ||||
Influneza A | Streptococcus spp. | ||||
JC virus, Parvovirus B19 | |||||
RSV | |||||
VZV | |||||
West Nile virus | |||||
Belimumab [75] | Human IgG1 antibody that binds to soluble B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS or BAFF) | B cells | CMV | Acinetobacter | Coccidomycosis |
Influenza | Mycobacteria | ||||
Pneumonia | |||||
UTI | |||||
Cellulitis | |||||
Abatacept [69] | Fully human soluble fusion protein, Anti-CTLA4 | Antigen presenting cells | HSV | Mycobacteria | Aspergillus |
VZV | Pneumonia | Candida | |||
Sepsis | |||||
Skin infections | |||||
URI | |||||
Methotrexate [60] | Anti-folate synthesis inhibitor | B and T cells | CMV | Listeria | Aspergillus |
Hepatitis B virus | Mycobacteria | Histoplasma | |||
HSV | Nocardia | PCP | |||
JC virus | |||||
VZV |