Table 1 Studies of BK Virus in SLE patients

Case series [52]

2

Adults

Cytopathic effect and Hemagglutinin in prototype BKV-infected cultures; decoy cells

Present

Not performed

Cross-sectional and prospective study [34]

44

Adults

PCR analysis of the NCCR region of BKV and JCV

16 % vs 0 % (BKV)

Not performed

Study: (41/3)

11 % vs 21 % (JCV)

Control: (82/6)

Cross-sectional and prospective study [50]

20

Adults

PCR analysis of the NCCR region of BKV

43 % vs 4 %

Not performed

Study: 20

Matched Control: 16^a

Cross-sectional study and prospective study [53]

5

Adults

Nested PCR analysis for BKV DNA

40 % vs 16 %

Not performed

Study: (4/1)

Target: VP1

Control: (25/0)^b

Primers: BKV-P1, BKV-P5, BKV-P2

Cross-sectional study [54]

40

Adults^c

Semi-quantitative BKV DNA PCR analysis (serum and urine)

32 % vs 17.2 %

15 % vs 13.8 %

Study: (29/11)

Target BKV: pBK 385

Matched Control: 29^d

Positive if BKV PCR >1000 copies/ml (viruria and viremia)

Cross-sectional study [49]

7

Adults

Co-localization of anti-dsDNA and anti-T-antigen to glomeruli by immune electron microscopy

Not performed

Not performed

Study: Renal biopsies

No control

Cross-sectional study [55]

95

Children and Adults

Quantitative-real time BKV DNA PCR analysis

71.6 % vs 18.6 %

Not performed

Study: 95

Target BKV: viral capsid protein (VP1)

Healthy Control: 32

Positive if BKV PCR >50,000 copies/ml (viruria)

Cross-sectional study [56]

50

Children

Nested PCR analysis for BKV DNA

BKV: 32 %

Not performed

Study: (41/9)

Primers: JC/BK_433F, JC/BK_4390F

JCV: 16 %

No control

Case Report [57]

1

Female Adolescent

Decoy cells in bright field microscopy

Present with 556 billion copies/ml

BKV tested by quantitative PCR

Case Report [58]

1

Female Adult

Urine cytology with decoy cells

Not performed

Not performed

Urine - qualitative PCR for BKV

Bone marrow – Positive SV40 stained cells