Table 1 Comparative frequency of mucocutaneous lesions in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE) and adult systemic lupus erythematosus (adult SLE)

1. LE specific skin lesions

Malar rash

44-85% [2, 5, 6]

40-52% [5, 6]

Generalized lupus rash

30% [28]

N/A [5, 6]

Subacute cutaneous LE

Rare [8, 33, 34]

7-27% [8, 9]

Discoid rash

<10% [1, 2, 4, 18, 28, 29]

20-50% [5, 36]

Generalized DLE

10-37% [31, 34–36]

40-49% [36]

Lupus panniculitis/ profundus

<1% [34, 37]

1-3% [10]

2. LE nonspecific skin lesions

Cutaneous vasculitis

16-45% [11, 21, 47]

11-70% [5, 7, 12, 13]

Photosensitivity

35-50% [2, 4, 5]

63% [7]

Oral and nasal ulcers

20-40% [2, 4, 5, 49, 52]

18-30% [6, 7, 49, 52]

Non-scarring alopecia

15-30% [2, 5]

25-55% [2, 5, 53]

Livedo reticularis

6-12% [14, 30, 33]

22-35% [12]

Raynaud’s phenomenon

6-12% [15, 16]

10-45% [15, 16, 60, 61]

Bullous SLE

<1% [28]

N/A [62–64]